This adult lace bug is 4mm (1/8 inch) long with an elaborately sculptured PFE (Posterior flattened evagination of the pronotum) which, along with the forewings, have tiny clear cells that form a lacelike covering, hence the name "lace bugs." Many lace bugs are multicolored with a distinctive, species-specific pattern of a dark, pale, and clear areas. The wingless nymphs are smaller, oval, and commonly have body spines. Adults and nymphs occur together in groups on the underside of leaves [5].

Both nymphs and adults live on the lower surface of leaves and suck juices through slender, piercing mouthparts. This produces yellow or whitish spots on the upper surface of the leaf. As the insects feed, they deposit a hard, varnish-like excrement onto the leaf surface. These are called tar spots or resin spots [1].

The presence of the T1 "wing" in treehoppers is discussed as an evolutionary novelty that appeared very early during the evolution of Membracidae. Although non-articulated T1 cuticular outgrowths, which resemble wings of T2 and T3 structurally, are present in numerous non-membracid hemipterans (e.g., Tingidae right), a detailed morphological examination of the Heteroptera pronotum has never been published. Since these cuticular outgrowths were considered as possible precursors of the treehoppers' “helmet” a detailed examination of the Heteroptera pronotum is critical for accurate interpretation and contextualization of the results [6].

Table 1. Hemiptera used in study	Methods
Acrosternum hilare (Pentatomidae)	Dissection
Atymna querci (Membracidae)	Dissection
Ceresa sp. (Membracidae)	Dissection, CLSM
Corythucha pallida (Tingidae)	Dissection
Cyrtolobus tuberosus (Membracidae)	Dissection
Cyrtolobus vau (Membracidae)	Dissection
Leptocoris trivittatus (Coreidae)	Dissection, CLSM
Leptoglossus fulvicornis (Coreidae)	Dissection, CLSM
Lygus lineolaris (Miridae)	Dissection
Magicicada septemdecim (Cicadidae)	Dissection
Neoperkinsiella guaduae (Delphacinae)	Dissection
Notonectidaesp.(Notonectidae)	Dissection, CLSM
Platycotis vittata (Membracidae)	Dissection, CLSM
Rhagovelia sp. (Veliidae)	Dissection
Stictocephala bisonia (Membracidae)	µCT
Xantholobus muticus (Membracidae)	Dissection
Zanna madagascariensis (Fulgoridae)	Dissection

CLSM = Confocal laser scanning microscopy
 μ-CT = Micro-computed tomography [6]

Lace bugs can be divided into two groups - those that attack deciduous trees and shrubs and those that attack evergreen shrubs. Lace bugs that attack deciduous plants spend the winter in the adult stage by hibernating on the plant under bark or near the plant in leaf litter. Lace bugs that attack evergreens overwinter in the egg stage attached to the leaves.

The hawthorn lace bug is one type that attacks deciduous plants. The adults hibernate under loose bark of their host plants as well as among leaf litter. They become active in early to mid-May and return to the new leaves. The females soon begin to lay eggs along the larger veins on the lower leaf surface. The females may lay eggs for a considerable time, often extending into June. The eggs hatch in a couple of weeks and the nymphs cluster together and feed. Each nymph sheds its skin (molts) five times before the adult stage is reached. Growth to the adult stage usually takes three to four weeks. Peak numbers of this pest are usually present in July. Only one generation occurs per year. Related species of lace bugs such as the oak, sycamore and hackberry lace bugs have two and occasionally three generations in a summer.

The azalea lace bug (an example of a lace bug that attacks evergreens) overwinters in the egg stage. The eggs are partially inserted into the leaf tissues along the midvein and are covered with the resin-like excrement of the female. The nymphs hatch in the spring, usually mid-May, after the danger of frost is over. They feed in small groups on the under surface of leaves and molt five times before becoming adults. The adults mate and lay eggs for a second generation by mid to late-July. Often there is a third generation in the late summer and early fall. The Andromeda and rhododendron lace bugs have similar life cycles [1].