Crane Fly - Epiphragma fasciapenne (Say, 1823)
Family Tipulidae -- crane flies, tipules / Subfamily Limoniinae / Tribe Hexatomini  / Genus Epiphragma Osten-sacken, 1859
Adult male crane flies photographed at Winfield, Illinois. Body length: 18mm  Wingspan: 20mm.
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Crane Fly - Epiphragma fasciapenne

Specimen identification provided by my friend, Chen W. Young, PhD Associate Curator, Invertebrate Zoology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

Adult crane flies are sluggish fliers and are often abundant in moist woodlands and around water, usually near places where their larval life is spent.  They occur mainly in spring and fall, but species of wingless, snow crane flies (Chionea) appear in the winter.  Adult crane flies are most active in the cooler part of the day, usually around dusk. 

Adult males are more abundant at the beginning of the flight period while females are more numerous toward the end.  Although individual adults have a relatively short life span of 10 to 15 days, the flight period for each species can last from 25-30 days.  The main functions of the adult stage are mating and egg-laying.  Feeding is less important, and probably water is the most pressing need. Species with elongated rostrum (Geranomyia, Elephantomyia, Toxorhina) have been reported visiting flowers, probably for nectar.

Crane Fly - Epiphragma fasciapenne
Crane Fly - Epiphragma fasciapenne Crane Fly - Epiphragma fasciapenne Crane Fly - Epiphragma fasciapenne Crane Fly - Epiphragma fasciapenne
Tipulidae, often called crane flies in their adult stage, is the largest family of true flies.  Crane flies form a highly diverse group of insects, both in number of species and in larval habitats, which extend from aquatic to terrestrial.  The body plan or morphology of crane flies is rather simple.  An elongate body, one pair of narrow wings, and long, slender legs characterize them.  The body size ranges from 5 to 50 mm and can be described as mosquito-like.  They are often mistaken for mosquitoes, but they belong to a group of harmless flies and can be distinguished from all other true flies by the transverse V-shaped groove on the dorsal part of the thorax.

In North America, more than 1,500 species of crane flies have been described and over 300 species are known from Pennsylvania.  This number probably represents only about two-thirds of the estimated actual number for the state, and much more precise taxonomic studies are needed.

Crane flies undergo complete metamorphosis in their development with a brief egg stage, a relatively long larval feeding stage, a brief pupal resting stage, and finally a short adult breeding stage.

Crane flies serve several important roles in the ecosystem.  Most importantly, adult and larval crane flies are food for many animals such as birds, fish, frogs, lizards, spiders and other insects.  In addition, the larvae are detritus feeders that break down organic matter in various habitats such as streams and forest floors thereby enriching the soil, renewing and modifying the microhabitat for other invertebrate species.  Some crane flies require special habitat conditions, and their presence or absence can be used as an indicator of environmental quality.  Fishermen use larvae of some large crane flies as bait.  Several species of crane flies are important agricultural pests; their larvae feed on seedlings of field crops and if abundant can be destructive to lawns, rangelands, rice fields, and golf courses.

 

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